Let's make it concrete.

disabling, reversing cell cycle inhibitors.

Keep dead cells

Rapid cell deterioration.

SR So what do you think, Xu?

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells.

However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die, so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.

I'm reading massive cellular deterioration.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

I'll nicely demonstrate that for you. (Laughter)

They control how the cells grow and differentiate.

While I give this talk, in the next 10 minutes, a hundred million of my cells will die, and over the course of today, 2,000 of my brain cells will die and never come back, so you could argue that the dying process starts pretty early in the piece.

It can actually make itself glow.

We're actually injecting contrast into the organ.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

You can think of channelrhodopsin as a sort of light sensitive switch that can be artificially installed in brain cells so that now we can use that switch to activate or inactivate the brain cell simply by clicking it, and in this case we click it on with pulses of light.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

We took the eggs of a related species, a living frog, and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg.

Maybe these cells eventually differentiate into things that'll turn to my brain.

And it's in men as well as in women.

So, we took the red cells you see the red cells are surrounded by blue, other cells that squeeze them, and behind it is material that people thought was mainly inert, and it was just having a structure to keep the shape, and so we first photographed it with the electron microscope years and years ago, and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

4.8 million suffer cardiac failure.

And this all changed in the late 19th century.

Where are the kids?

And then this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.

He generated neurons from these induced pluripotent stem cells from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease, and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.

But it differentiated.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

And they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide, programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided.

Kecyte and... at that rate, you couldn't possibly maintain cell regulation or differentiation.

Cell division

Cell radius

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

From Conception to Birth Oocyte

Fuel cells.

That's what your genes are doing every day.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

And that's your ancestor.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

Over time the activity of this genetic regulators seems to decline and cumulative cell damage can occur

If some cells suddenly decide to start reading other instructions, they can actually change from one type to another.