And the logic of our experiment was simple.

So we clipped part of this sensor, and attached that to a switch to control the cells, and we packed this switch into an engineered virus and injected that into the brain of the mice.

You see a CT scan where cancer is in the liver.

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

And this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells, two cancer cells become four cancer cells, and we have ultimately uncontrolled tumor growth.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

And it's my job, in the competitive process, to narrow this down.

Mice that have been treated with this bug are more resistant to the disease, as shown by the red line in this graph, and this depends on the activity of a special subset of immune cells, called regulatory T cells, that expresses the marker CD25.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

That one is for a modification of the human Tcell.

Let's make it concrete.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

In cancer, cells rapidly divide and lead to uncontrolled tumor growth.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

In the case of a male, these would be sperm cells.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

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There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Within the context of The New Yorker magazine ...

So, we took the red cells you see the red cells are surrounded by blue, other cells that squeeze them, and behind it is material that people thought was mainly inert, and it was just having a structure to keep the shape, and so we first photographed it with the electron microscope years and years ago, and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.

The whole process of differentiation is actually fascinating, and we'll talk a lot more about that when we talk about stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and maybe we'll even talk about the debate of it.

disabling, reversing cell cycle inhibitors.

And now as I run this program over and over

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

Let me write this down in a vibrant color.

So let's say those are the germ cells.

Cell division

Cell radius

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

From Conception to Birth Oocyte

Fuel cells.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

And that's your ancestor.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

Look, I'd say to them, We're not quite as good as nature yet.

So why should you care? Bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells.

And these are some of the cells that might be overactive in disorders such as epilepsy.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.

This is the whole cell.