I'll use that word.

Either a mutation of the genetic level

So she has the gene right there for curly hair.

So my father's version of that gene, he had the allele for straightness.

So I got like the fifth version of the curly allele.

Each version of the gene is called an allele.

But suppose then that one of them mutates.

You're changing in a way that both chromosomes are still coding for the different genes, but they're getting different versions of those genes or different alleles, which are just versions of those genes.

The gene just says, look, this is the gene for whether or not your hair is curly.

And what they found was that people who lived to 90 or 100 were more likely to have daf 2 mutations that is, changes in the gene that encodes the receptor for IGF 1.

There's some mutations that won't be passed on to your children, and those are the ones that occur in your somatic cells.

And the way that they're switched on is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.

Recommendation 2

Why is it hard to treat?

Depending on which type of allele Mendel found in each seed, we can have what we call a homozygous pea, where both alleles are identical, and what we call a heterozygous pea, when the two alleles are different.

That gives you the clue.

And mutations that damage the TOR gene just like the daf 2 mutations extend lifespan in worms and flies and mice.

And now here is the daf 2 mutant.

It's called an allele.

Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested carries at least one of these variants.

And I have a genetic anomaly.

It's a gross oversimplification, but let me say this is the gene for insulin.

The safeties clamped into the rails, but for some reason, the motor kept going.

Let's look at Mendel's peas, for example.

Some of you have this. And it's sex linked.

You might know that, so far, in just the dawn of this revolution, we know that there are perhaps 40,000 unique mutations affecting more than 10,000 genes, and that there are 500 of these genes that are bona fide drivers, causes of cancer.

And I just want to say that that is absolutely not going to be the case.

Without the random mutation of genes there would be no evolution.

There's already a lab today that tests for allele 334 of the AVPR1 gene, the so called cheating gene.

Gene.

And we were really optimistic that we could find something because there had been a report of a long lived mutant.

To clearly visualize how alleles are distributed amongst descendants, we can a diagram called the Punnett square.

The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word mutation.

There's beginning to be some evidence that obesity and diet have something to do with gene modifications, which may or may not have an impact on how the brain of an infant works.

And so he got his kids sequenced.

Check them out at iStockPhoto.com)

So my genotype is exactly what alleles I have, what versions of the gene.

What if it has the same genetic anomaly?

If I have a mutation in some cell here, some somatic cell, some body cell, somatic cell, will that mutation or can that mutation in any way affect what's going to happen to my kids?

The Augment genes modified the virus.

Okay, so what is the daf 2 receptor telling the inside of the cell?

So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea, we had one mutation in one gene which led to blue eyes.

So if there are genes like that, then you can imagine that, if you could change one of the genes in an experiment, an aging gene, maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.

So this is the great majority of your cells, and this is opposed to your germ cells.

The initial frequency of the red hair gene is therefore 50 percent, or 10 of 20 total genes.