This will then go onto a robot that's going to apply one of those stains to it.

I wanna run a kleihauerbetke

It's just growing, accumulating materials and building itself out, and then it actually replicates its chromosomes.

So about a hundred years ago, some scientists invented a stain that would stain cells.

And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.

looks something like that.

Wool takes a dye well.

So it's analogous to anaphase in mitosis, but the key difference is you're pulling apart homologous pairs.

Even though we have two chromatids, one for each chromosome, now we have four chromatids, two for each chromosome, we still say we only have two chromosomes.

We control their chromosomes. It's really not that difficult.

It had two pairs of homologous chromosome, but it had four chromosomes.

He gets split up into two chromatids, which we are now calling chromosomes, or sister chromosomes.

And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case, the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome, meeting that X chromosome of the egg.

And just like in mitosis, as soon as the sister chromatids are split apart, they are now referred to as chromosomes, or sister chromosomes.

It now has four chromosomes.

This is its chromatin form.

You have your two chomosomes, each made with sister chromatids, each made with two sister chromatids.

And then let's say that last one actually helps to determine my gender, or it fully determines my gender.

Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth about a year and a half ago, we decided to synthesize the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome, knowing that we had the biology worked out on that for transplantation.

This guy's got little stub of purple there.

Remember, in interface, even though I drew it this way, they don't exist in this state, the actual chromosomes.

The way I suspect it will happen is using artificial chromosomes and extra chromosomes, so we go from 46 to 47 or 48.

And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome, meeting the X chromosome of the egg.

There's just a gazillion of them that are all duplicates of the cell, and they all contain the 2N number of chromosomes, the diploid number of chromosomes.

It's not like one is getting two versions of a gene and the other is getting two versions of another gene.

It's fuckedup chromosomes.

The chromosomes line up.

For example, we can inhibit genes now with RNA interference.

The nuclear envelope breaks down. These sausage shaped things are the chromosomes, and we'll focus on them.

Stained, I myself finishing touches.

So again, here we are at that equator moment.

But if you're looking at it in a microscope, it just looks

When we talk about meiosis, we have to be careful to show the homologous pairs.

It would just be a big mess of proteins and of histones, which are proteins, and the actual DNA.

Isn't it time we stopped talking about selective pressures?

And you could already see, this process right here, you essentially split up your chromosomes, because you end up with half in each one, but here, you start with N and you end up with two chromosomes that each have N, so it's very similar to this.

It didn't have that crossover occur.

Then we very carefully melt onto the slide.

So let me say it has this chromosome right here and then

Because rice get this rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.

Tom dyed his hair brown.

The cell is much bigger than what I'm showing.

They're being pulled apart, but they're being pulled apart the homologous pair is being pulled apart, not the actual chromosomes, not the chromatids.

So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.

It got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material, chewed it up, and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromosome.