This is what happened. Now I start the world.

In the first stage from let's say 100 years until 50 years ago, most of the increase in every's lifespan was due to very much fewer people dying in early life especially in infancy.

Mammography isn't perfect, but it's the only test that's been proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer.

It fell in every hospital it went into.

And our kill ratio would be what?

This is just one example.

The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.

We'll swap the axis.

Maximum rate of death

Minimum rate of death

And on day six, they basically threw in the towel.

Look even if we look in Africa these are the African countries.

They vaccinated the kids. They get better water.

And isn't it a success story.

Sweden achieved a low child mortality because we started early.

So it takes 10 or more years for any screening method to demonstrate a reduction in mortality from breast cancer.

And these are the so called developing countries.

We will have to decide whether to have a low birth rate, or a high death rate.

So it was everywhere.

But there were costs.

Is that likely, do you think, here?

This seems counterintuitive, but turns out that as infant mortality is reduced, population sizes also decrease, because parents don't need to anticipate that their babies are going to die.

Five years ago, 135 million children were born so, more and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.

I hoped to prove that by decreasing the first,

I'm going to show you the relationship between child mortality on this axis here this axis here is child mortality and here I have the family size.

Let me show you Thailand, see what a success story, Thailand from the 1960s how they went down here and reached almost the same child mortality levels as Sweden.

Reduced collateral damage.

The birth rate and death rate were nearly equal.

I came to Hempstead Mills because it has a high incidence of air pollution and a correspondingly high mortality rate.

Lifespan is up by 30 percent in my lifetime.

But life expectancy has carry on going up and therefore extend so by slowing down the rate of which people die at older ages.

The proletarian infant mortality rate has dropped by 12 per cent.

As healthcare improves, as infant mortality goes down, fertility rates start dropping.

But you have been the main sponsor that has enabled us to measure it, because it's the only child mortality that we can measure.

Take child mortality the aim here is to reduce child mortality by two thirds, from 1990 to 2015.

These are our life saving treatments.

I got interested in this when the World Health Organization came to my team asking if we could help with a project to reduce deaths in surgery.

Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you a lot of the time.

Look here. This is the world.

23 percent of them died before they reached the age of five.

What I want you to do now is to see with your own eyes the relation between fall in child mortality and decrease in family size.

The population is dying off.

So there is a strong belief that in places of poverty the death toll was far higher.

If you put a child in a car seat, 18.2 percent of the children die.

Women are dying of heart disease, two, three, four times more than men.