Osteoblastoma is present in the posterior area of the lumbar.

It shows you these cells that process information.

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

It's a non spiking cell.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

It was a rare gem a brain tumor, hemangioblastoma the gift that keeps on giving.

What is it?

OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?

And I'll expand this up.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

And is it fair to say that it's simple?

like the nerves.

In this simulation, each black dot is one nerve cell.

You heard about neuromodulators earlier.

Epigenetic marks can be influenced by the environment.

A nerve cell responds to a slight stimulus.

But up in the corner, in the right corner, you'll see, at the same scale, a visual interneuron from a fly.

And this is a little protein molecule.

like in this square box shown here.

So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat here.

GBM affects about 10,000 people in the U.S. each year.

What kind of changes happen?

But let's take another animal just as an example. Here's a mouse.

From the way it's bound to her neurons, I'd say it's been there since she was a child.

laterally, vertically, up and down in the spinal cord and they start interacting with other adjacent cells.

So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue,

They're proteins that are controlling things like ion channel movement.

So the human brain has about a hundred billion neurons in it.

(Laughter)

And it's a beautifully complex neuron.

So in this case, they would turn into nerve cells.

This animal is the size of a paramecium and an amoeba, and it has a brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small you know these things called cell bodies you've been hearing about, where the nucleus of the neuron is?

There are 100 sensors, each listening to a different brain cell or neuron.

So this is basically multiplexing in time.

And I think they'll be a new era of your own stem cell banking to have in the freezer your own cardiac cells, myocytes and neural cells to use them in the future, should you need them.

Out comes the liposuction fluid, and in this case, the stem cells are isolated and turned into neurons.

That's the red path that's highlighted.

It's named after Latin for seahorse, which it resembles.

And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.

A couple of years ago, the Lasker Prize was awarded to the scientist Shinya Yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult skin cell, a fibroblast, and by manipulating just four genes, he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body.

So here's two sort of canonical neurons from a vertebrate and an invertebrate, a human pyramidal neuron from Ramon y Cajal, and another cell to the right, a non spiking interneuron, and this is the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burrows many years ago, and Malcolm Burrows came up with a pretty interesting idea based on the fact that this neuron from a locust does not fire action potentials.

Every cell has a mission in life, and these cells, the mission is to move blood around our body.

These words are actually unusually fun to say.

Mitosis occurs in pretty much all of our somatic cells as our skin cells replicate, and our hair cells and all the tissue in our body as it duplicates itself, it goes through mitosis.

They are called neurons.