less than half the size of a postage stamp.

All you need is a single oncogene.

Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.

Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.

We plate them into dishes that we sometimes call petri dishes.

So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium, and it engulfs it and eats it.

But now, you don't have to have the animal itself to regenerate, because you can build cloned mice molars in Petri dishes.

He can actually grow beating tissue in a dish.

Bruce Lipton PhD Cell Biologist that it really changed the whole course of my education and my life.

And what we do is we grow extracellular matrix from pigs.

We grow the cells outside the body in large quantities.

The tissue growing technology here is...

The tissue could be grown in Copenhagen and implanted here.

We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells, by adding a few genes to them, culturing them, and then harvesting them.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

It's never been shown.

The first thing you do as a scientist is, you make sure stuff works.

cultivate?

Hyalograft C. We grow tissue from your own cells.

What we did is, we took tissue culture cells and infected them with adenovirus, and you can see this little yellow barcode next to adenovirus.

In order to do that, however, we needed to have a method of distinguishing normal from malignant, and on the left is the single normal cell, human breast, put in three dimensional gooey gel that has extracellular matrix, it makes all these beautiful structures.

Well, the heart beats, rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.

This was done by Teruo Okano at Tokyo Women's Hospital.

Why do I do this?

Then someone could take one of these and then put it in their own Petri dish.

This is a brain from a lamprey eel.

If, for example, you used a cell culture that's chronically infected with papilloma, you get a little computer readout here, and our algorithm says it's probably papilloma type 18.

At the Lurie Family Center for Animal Imaging, our colleague, Andrew Kung, grew this cancer successfully in mice without ever touching plastic.

This is cultures, identical cultures, of cervical cancer cells.

These are spores this is in their spores.

They kept him in his girl's chart too long.

It was a proteinrich incubator.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

The cell culture is 40,000 euros, and with hospital fees, the surgery and rehabilitation...

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

And, of course if you can build mice molars in Petri dishes, you can grow human molars in Petri dishes.

looked at it under the microscope, you plated the culture, you injected the antiserum.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

And so what we did is, we take tissue culture cells and infect them with various viruses, and we take the stuff and fluorescently label the nucleic acid, the genetic material that comes out of these tissue culture cells mostly viral stuff and stick it on the array to see where it sticks.

What we see are, first of all, a very active culture, a lot of divisions, and then very clear nuclei once the cells have separated.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

living lamprey eel brain.

But this mistake turned out to be rather serendipitous.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

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