Let me tell you a little bit about the scale.

Within the context of The New Yorker magazine ...

The B vitamins will protect your brain cells and mitochondria.

I was absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.

After HlV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers, it infects immune cells to replicate.

So let's think a little bit about the immune system as a process of shape recognition.

Another way by which microbes can affect the brain is by activation of the immune system.

Our body loves these. It eats them.

In fact, it's the opposite.

It's a little bit like reading a Braille message with your fingers.

Mice that have been treated with this bug are more resistant to the disease, as shown by the red line in this graph, and this depends on the activity of a special subset of immune cells, called regulatory T cells, that expresses the marker CD25.

So the theory is that he's having some immunological reaction to what's going on to the food, essentially.

We've never seen anything even remotely like this before.

No time for the immune response.

This is one of those signals that the immune system sees in patients who have a disease called type 1 diabetes.

When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.

Some cells are the motility cells. Those are the cells that move the caterpillar around structures of like our highways with trucks and vehicles carrying materials all over the place. Something like that.

Ones gotta insist that this is a physical disease, that this is not a psychiatric disease.

Let's flip the table yet again

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

Their immune system.

They said, You have two rare kidney diseases that are going to actually destroy your kidneys eventually, you have cancer like cells in your immune system that we need to start treatment right away, and you'll never be eligible for a kidney transplant, and you're not likely to live more than two or three years.

And it's looking around, and when it finds something, and recognizes it being foreign, it will actually engulf it and eat it.

And somehow maybe the microbial community that's in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort of immune response and led to me killing the cells that make insulin in my body.

It basically is an approach that says

It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

I had to do that properly.

Every person in this community is like a cell in the immune system of a healthy human body.

But the bottom image, with that subtle change in the middle, that little yellow blob, is enough to change the signal to a Go away and leave me alone signal to the same immune cells.

It mutates furiously, it has decoys to evade the immune system, it attacks the very cells that are trying to fight it and it quickly hides itself in your genome.

Let's make it concrete.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

A nerve cell responds to a slight stimulus.

About 80 of the body's immune cells reside in the gut, and immune abnormalities contribute to several neurological disorders.

And so you're familiar with the terminology, the HlV is a virus that infects white blood cells.

I don't believe it. Nothing could be immune to that.

A mistaken signal or a misreading of the signal, what happens is the immune cells, these little blue dots, start swarming in and start attacking that normal tissue.

And these chemicals are easily absorbed through amphibians' permeable skin, causing immunosuppression, or a weakened immune system, and developmental deformities.

And forgive the complicated diagram.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

Unfortunately there are a lot of these signals and there are a lot of mistakes to be made and our immune systems aren't perfect.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.