Now let's zoom in on it here, so we can see it in more detail.

So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

So that's the nucleus.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.

This is the whole cell.

In its most popular sense, when people talk about mitosis, they're referring to a cell, a diploid cell.

Or we can use both.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

And we're understanding there're growth factors that go on, parts of these NR2B receptors are turned up, and the entire plasticity machinery is turned on along with these new baby cells.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

Light travels through the pupil, through the eyes interior.

less than half the size of a postage stamp.

So, here it is, the moment of conception, egg meets sperm!

It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.

Եվ որտեղ, որ ռիբոսոմներ կցված են կոչվում է հարթ էնդոպլազմային ցանց

I'm not talking about the money supply here.

The proteins are coming apart during this prophase I.

Let me write that down.

Now, in the case of humans, the diploid number is 46, so N is equal to 23.

And so if this germ cell undergoes meiosis, and I'll do a whole video on the mechanics of it, instead of two cells, it'll actually produce four cells that each have half the number of chromosomes in them, so these cells are haploid.

Եվ նա անցնում է դրա միջով

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

Let's look at a healthy liver cell, a healthy hair cell, and a cancerous cell.

Let's take this side.

Now, when I got both of these in my body or in my cells, and this is in every cell of my body, every cell of my body except for, and we'll talk in a few seconds about my germ cells, but every cells other than the ones that I use for reproduction have this complete set of chromosomes in it, which I find amazing.

So a germ cell is the product of mitosis, so it still has 2N number of chromosomes, so it still is a diploid cell or has a diploid number.

There is just too many things to go wrong.

They are coupled to light receptors similar to the ones in your eyes.

Սկզբում, ողորկը, որտեղ բոլոր ռիբոսոմներն են հետո հարթը

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

But the brain has more than a hundred musicians making music

In many forms of blindness, like retinitis pigmentosa, or macular degeneration, the photoreceptor cells have atrophied or been destroyed.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

Animal bodies are made up of cells.

So what we see here is that we went from a diploid starting way where did we start?

(Applause)

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

So, once again let me draw some glucose floating by... some insulin receptors on the cell, and let's have some insulin.