How do we see that galaxy?

There are many galaxies in the universe.

Then, making some assumptions about mass to light ratios and dark matter and so on.

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

(Laughter)

But then, things change considerably. Galaxy evolution really became forefront of cosmology in 1970, or late 1970s and 1980s.

large scale structure.

like is time travel possible?

The universe contains all of the galaxies, stars, and planets.

And there was a famous great debate between two astronomers, Harlow Shapley from Harvard, and Heber

And this energy, according to Einstein, exerts a push on the universe.

Now, if we plug in typical numbers, say, for extent of dark halos of galaxies and sizes of clusters of galaxies, we find out that the relative collapse times are a few hundred million years for galaxies and few billion years for clusters.

Harvard was wrong, big time. (Laughter)

And groups and clusters of galaxies occupy region outside.

Okay, let's say this is the size of the observable universe, with all the galaxies, with all the stars, okay, from here to here.

What you have to think about is we have a universe with a hundred billion galaxies, a hundred billion stars each.

Not with radiation, Mr. Stanford, but chemically.

The idea is that smaller structures will form through fragmentation, of the larger ones, like galaxies forming after the clusters.

So simply by counting clusters, through some luminosity or mass function as a function of red shift, you can consider it cosmolog.

Every one of these little blobs is a galaxy roughly the size of our Milky Way a hundred billion stars in each of those blobs.

It was cosmic radiation

Einstein's theories of general relativity, some ideas in cosmology about how galaxies form.

We know that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled down to form the stars and galaxies that we see today.

Galaxies

And those fluctuations were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.

We now turn our attention to structure formation in the universe.

That is as far as comoving coordinates are concerned, but, what if the object is fixed in proper coordinates, say like a galaxy?

Start differentiating into effector and memory cells.

Still, our physical reality here on Earth is intimately connected to those distant, invisible galaxies.

Galaxy

galaxy

galaxy cluster

Galaxy

The Coral Galaxy!

Now let's turn to galaxies and clusters. One thing that will happen is a galaxy

Just to give you a sense, you know, it's very easy to start talking about galaxies and the universe.

Well, this is a picture of it.

Space

So we see the galaxy and fixate on that, but it's actually a cloud of dark matter that's dominating the structure and the dynamics of this galaxy.

The strength of this effect, the intensity of stripping, if you will.

Was this because I reinstalled everything?

Into the space between spaces.

Galactic Coordinates

Gal. long.

Gal. lat.