And he had potassium nitrate.

And so any incremental hydroxide you add will actually go to build the hydroxide concentration.

low concentrations of both hydroxide and hydrogen.

The hydroxide concentration is overwhelming your hydrogen concentration.

And you titrated it with this sodium hydroxide.

like calcium, potassium and magnesium from out of desalination brine.

You have an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen.

Because that's the point where you're going from having a majority of hydrogen versus hydroxide, to having a majority of hydroxide versus hydrogen.

And these are individual potassium ions that are flowing through that pore.

And then above that, you're just adding more and more hydroxide.

Which is the hydrochloric acid, and which is the ammonium hydroxide?

I said, what kind of salts of potassium do you have? You know.

If your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, you're neutral.

That these actual molecules of hydroxide are going to react with these things.

Where the hydroxide concentration is going to be greater than your hydrogen concentration.

It had three chemicals we were really surprised to see sulfur, potassium nitrate and charcoal.

What happens, first of all, when there's an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen?

So I must have added 1 mole of hydroxide to get to this point.

If there is too much uranium or potassium or thorium, probably, again, there would be no life.

And so on this axis, I'm going to slowly add more and more of this hydroxide.

So what's going to happen? As I slowly add hydroxide, it's going to increase the pH.

After this point, any hydroxide you add will essentially contribute to increasing the pH even more.

And we know very well that geothermal energy is mostly produced by decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium.

Acid rain from cities and industries leeches the soil of vital nutrients, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

But what I'm going to do is I'm going to add a strong base. Let's say sodium hydroxide.

Iridium layer at the K T boundary, and potassium argon dated crater in Yucatan, indicate that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs.

Remember, hydroxide is a strong base. So the NaOH disassociates completely in an aqueous solution. To OH minus plus sodium cation.

Those of you in track two, take your hydrochloric acid and your ammonium hydroxide and carefully... pour them into... your beakers.

They send it out for amateur rocketeers, and it said in there do not ever heat a mixture of potassium perchlorate and sugar.

So there's some point where your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, and your pH is going to be 7.

You've essentially sopped up all of the hydrogen, but you also have sopped up all of the hydroxide that you've added so far.

And you said, well, gee, when I added 1 mole because you figured out at a liter of the solution of hydroxide ions.

Aluminum buffer action, aluminum hydroxide is what we think it is, uh, plus the barium carbonate, strontium titanate, strontium oxides, barium oxides, probably some aluminum oxides in there.

So, I went to the drug store and I tried to buy some potassium perchlorate and it wasn't unreasonable then for a kid to walk into a drug store and buy chemicals.

You know, I started off with little tiny amounts of potassium nitrate and sugar, which was readily available, and I mixed it in different proportions, and I tried to light it on fire.

So once you put a liter in there because that's 1 mole per liter once you put a liter in there, you would have put 1 mole of hydroxide cations in there to sop up the hydrogen.

You sort of now you say, well, let's see if I can get hold of some potassium chlorate and sugar, perchlorate and sugar, and heat it it would be interesting to see what it is they don't want me to do, and what it is going to and how is it going to work.

If you want to be able to manipulate the weather, one of the things we know about the materials that are being used in the aerosols we we've seen everything from aluminum oxide, barium salts, strontium, copper sulfate, uh, potassium iodide, um, a number of different kinds of things, each of which have different levels of reactivity with the moisture in the air.