Circuit NPN Transistor

Circuit PNP Transistor

Unlike Gertrude Stein's roses, it's not the case that a transistor is a transistor.

The transistor was only for experts.

Processor performance on Intel chips, the average price of a transistor 1968, you could buy one transistor for a dollar.

The invention of the transistor introduced a new era.

The invention of the transistor marked a new era.

I just won a small, little transistor Philips radio.

A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch.

The devices that computers use are what's called a transistor.

I don't know what every transistor in the connection machine does.

This picture is the working part of every computer. It's the transistor.

So the second layer of simplicity was the transistor in the Internet.

There's no way of predicting the Internet based on the first transistor.

You could have made it in the 1890s you wouldn't have the transistor.

And if you're thinking of the brain as a computer, this is the transistor.

The most common form of transistor today is built on what's called a chip.

Look at this graph here.You could buy one transistor for a dollar in 1968.

So maybe it's about the equivalent of 1947 when this was invented, the transistor.

And that means that a transistor corresponds to about 12 ion channels in parallel.

So, since the transistor is so simple, you can put lots of them together.

So probably one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century is the transistor.

Now, the explorers of the world of the atom did not intend to invent the transistor.

What I mean that is the, lower down layers and the implementation technology, like the transistor technologies.

But if you look at computing in general across, this, this is all across transistor based technologies.

After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium, where the billionth transistor is as reliable as the first one.

Like the concrete block, the transistor allows you to build much larger, more complex circuits, one brick at a time.

And the cost of a transistor cycle, which is a measure of the price performance of electronics, comes down about every year.

gt gt gt There was a point in time where consumer electronics were a physical thing, a transistor radio or a cassette player or a Walkman.

It's just an observation about how transistor manufacturing tends to go, but it's been true for over twenty years, and it seems to be continuing to be true.

Just like the particle that can go through 2 slits or any other quantum state a transistor can be on and off according to the laws of Quantum Mechanics.

So, very similar idea to what our transistor can do, but, instead you had a evacuated glass tube, and you had a little transmitter, it was a cathode ray tube.

The transistor was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of static bricks piled on top of each other to a world where everything was interactive.

But our friends who are condensed matter physicists managed to come up, some 50 years ago, with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar, which is a transistor.

They're faster, so you've got exponential growth in the speed of transistors, so the cost of a cycle of one transistor has been coming down with a halving rate of 1.1 years.

And the reason why that's happening is that, right now, in 2007 the technology that we are using a transistor is big enough that several electrons can flow through the channel simultaneously, side by side.

But what's happening now is that in 2015, the transistor is going to become so small, that it corresponds to only one electron at a time can flow through that channel, and that corresponds to a single ion channel.