And right when I take that first measurement let's say this is 0 here, this is 7, and this is 14 up here.

Initial idea, basic architecture, much initial source code

Not without massive sequence gaps.

This is something that you buy from a company, and they tell you exactly what sizes their fragments so that you can match them up to your unknown samples.

If you have an adenine molecule here, an adenine base here, it'll pair with thymine, and this is called the base pair.

This shows us that the yellow sample has a band that's 200 base pairs long.

We synthesize a calcium gluconate in a thiamine base?

And we started making pieces, starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000 letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000.

The human genome is composed of 3 billion base pairs.

Sometimes, when the genome is copied, to make a new cell, a single base pair gets lift out, added, or substituted.

He was one of the members. The question was

So what do we have to do?

But for now, we'll just work through some of the more basic ones.

But how can we increase the combinations?

What does a genome look like?

Thinking machine supercomputers and gene sequencers break down the strand in minutes.

That was all done on a machine like this.

So we saw how genetic information is carried.

So remember that this is for big DNA fragments.

A, C, G and T.

That entire set of 23 human chromosomes is called a genome.

So, this looks like a basketball playoff.

And titrate just means drop something else into it in controlled increments to see what happens. And what I'm doing here is going to be an acid base titration.

Variation at a single base pair is called a SNP, or single nucleotide polymorphism.

Why is it going to increase the pH? Because this OH.

Hide the first track in the first pregap

So in the second segment it's gonna be standardized and we'll do model comparisons.

His first initial.

When we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs.

The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair.

The newspapers are full of them and so are we.

3 gigabases, right?

So to give you a picture of what this looks like, the Human Genome Project

We have one, two, three, four, five, six toothpicks.

Our first thought about synthetic genomics came when we sequenced the second genome back in 1995, and that from mycoplasma genitalium.

Part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50 letter pieces to build smaller subunits we have to design so they can go together.

What I'd like you to consider is

And so took this first example, which is called coxsackievirus, and just break it into small windows.

And this technology is also accelerating.

My first, my only.

First Children

First Child

First UID

First GID

First step