DNA virus, DNA genome that was actually sequenced.

Thinking machine supercomputers and gene sequencers break down the strand in minutes.

So remember that this is for big DNA fragments.

This shows us that the yellow sample has a band that's 200 base pairs long.

Just have a quick look.

I got interested in gene sequencing.

Not without massive sequence gaps.

This is something that you buy from a company, and they tell you exactly what sizes their fragments so that you can match them up to your unknown samples.

If you have an adenine molecule here, an adenine base here, it'll pair with thymine, and this is called the base pair.

We synthesize a calcium gluconate in a thiamine base?

So how much DNA or how many base pairs had to code for this?

But it turns out synthesizing DNA is very difficult.

And we started making pieces, starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000 letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000.

That was all done on a machine like this.

The human genome is composed of 3 billion base pairs.

Sometimes, when the genome is copied, to make a new cell, a single base pair gets lift out, added, or substituted.

And the names of these, you should know these names, just because they are almost well, if you ever enter any discussion about DNA and base pairs, this is expected knowledge.

He was one of the members. The question was

So what do we have to do?

Variation at a single base pair is called a SNP, or single nucleotide polymorphism.

Why is it going to increase the pH? Because this OH.

And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms, just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient.

But how can we increase the combinations?

What does a genome look like?

A, C, G and T.

That entire set of 23 human chromosomes is called a genome.

So we saw how genetic information is carried.

So, this looks like a basketball playoff.

And titrate just means drop something else into it in controlled increments to see what happens. And what I'm doing here is going to be an acid base titration.

The pH is already 0.

Me and this plant, we share that common root that we all have DNA.

When we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs.

3 gigabases, right?

And then one thing that I kind of point to, we talked about this a little bit in the DNA video, is this notion of mutations.

The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair.

Our first thought about synthetic genomics came when we sequenced the second genome back in 1995, and that from mycoplasma genitalium.

Part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50 letter pieces to build smaller subunits we have to design so they can go together.

So to give you a picture of what this looks like, the Human Genome Project

And so took this first example, which is called coxsackievirus, and just break it into small windows.

I can only have four different things in this little bucket right here.

And this technology is also accelerating.

What I'd like you to consider is

If you have thymine, it's going to pair with adenine.

So, if you look at a human genome, they consist of 3.2 billion of these base pairs.

There is something familiar about these basepair sequences.