These trees put their roots down in the permafrost, and the permafrost is thawing.

This building was built on the permafrost and has collapsed as the permafrost thaws.

One fifth of the earth's surface is covered by permafrost.

The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice covered ocean surrounded by treeless permafrost.

This is a rock field, and under the rocks, there is still some ice from the glacier.

Methane is also beginning to escape from the permafrost.

The town had a vermiculite mine in it.

I collect soil samples.

Plants are nourished by earth.

which is going to cause air pollution, water pollution,

To change the community you have to change the composition of the soil.

Should aluminum be in the soil and the rain?

It's also probably one the most vulnerable of the oldest living things, because if the permafrost melts, it won't survive.

The soil retained richness.

But what are the conditions that make it possible?

Then, if we added maps like the geology, the bedrock geology, and the surface geology, what the glaciers leave, if we make the soil map, with the 17 soil classes, that are defined by the National Conservation Service, if we make a digital elevation model of the topography that tells us how high the hills were, then we can calculate the slopes.

We are after all organic creatures, and the culture of the school is absolutely essential.

Actually, if current trends continue, it could all be gone in five or 10 years' time.

Worms are sometimes beneficial to soil.

Plants take in water from the soil.

Water resources are running low.

I said, What can you build in this place?

And the trucks go over the frozen ground.

She gets the women to plant new trees and water them, drop by drop.

That soil is rich in humus.

The rain washed away the soil.

And these are not esoteric limits.

And this is the concept for the top of the city.

curiosity without assumptions.

You can't get a tree to grow on bad soil.

The mycelium infuses all landscapes, it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.

This is a layer of soil that is permanently frozen, and in some places it's many feet deep.

Large scale use of pesticides and fertilizers raised concerns of soil pollution.

Rich soil yields good crops.

Abiotic stress is the drought.

They're good for the environment because they enable no till farming, which leaves the soil in place, getting healthier from year to year slso keeps less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere.

The flood deposited a layer of mud.

So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography.

They've survived for millennia in desert, in the permafrost, at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean.

It's kind of hard to explain. I guess it's in the loam of the soil.

Our farming has done the opposite.

Some of it ran off as flooding, but most of the water that soaked into the soil simply evaporated out again, exactly as it does in your garden if you leave the soil uncovered.

Nothing seems to grow in this soil.

We have a massive ozone hole in the Northern hemisphere now.

Another important point of these sand banks is that when it rains, the rainwater soaks down into the soil.