You already saw the work by Tony Atala on TED, but this ability to start filling things like inkjet cartridges with cells are allowing us to print skin, organs and a whole series of other body parts.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

And, there are other frequently dividing cells in your body

And if this continues the toe cell would die.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

That turns out to be a big deal because now you can take, not just mouse cells, but you can human skin cells and turn them into human stem cells.

And then what they did in October is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells and began to turn them into liver cells.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

Now let's zoom in on it here, so we can see it in more detail.

So a bone cell reads only the set of instructions it needs to become bone.

And this is the perfect storm for forming a pimple.

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

So that's the nucleus.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.

This is the whole cell.

Mitosis occurs in pretty much all of our somatic cells as our skin cells replicate, and our hair cells and all the tissue in our body as it duplicates itself, it goes through mitosis.

In its most popular sense, when people talk about mitosis, they're referring to a cell, a diploid cell.

Or we can use both.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

Ceramides. They act as a signaling molecule in skin.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

Light travels through the pupil, through the eyes interior.

less than half the size of a postage stamp.

So, here it is, the moment of conception, egg meets sperm!

It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.

It's a non spiking cell.

So that all the cells of your body the skin cells, the cells of your liver, and of your heart, and even of your ear, those cells know, at a fundamental molecular level, whether they are XX or XY.

I'm not talking about the money supply here.

The proteins are coming apart during this prophase I.

Let me write that down.

You place the muscle cells on the outside.

So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

And so if this germ cell undergoes meiosis, and I'll do a whole video on the mechanics of it, instead of two cells, it'll actually produce four cells that each have half the number of chromosomes in them, so these cells are haploid.

Now, when I got both of these in my body or in my cells, and this is in every cell of my body, every cell of my body except for, and we'll talk in a few seconds about my germ cells, but every cells other than the ones that I use for reproduction have this complete set of chromosomes in it, which I find amazing.

If some cells suddenly decide to start reading other instructions, they can actually change from one type to another.

So a germ cell is the product of mitosis, so it still has 2N number of chromosomes, so it still is a diploid cell or has a diploid number.

Osteoblastoma is present in the posterior area of the lumbar.

There is just too many things to go wrong.

A couple of years ago, the Lasker Prize was awarded to the scientist Shinya Yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult skin cell, a fibroblast, and by manipulating just four genes, he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body.

I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.

It was a picture of a woman with a fur hat and a fur boa.