So this is basically multiplexing in time.

You heard about neuromodulators earlier.

It shows you these cells that process information.

So, a solution to the problem, then, would be to build a device that could mimic the actions of that front end circuitry and send signals to the retina's output cells, and they can go back to doing their normal job of sending signals to the brain.

Light travels through the pupil, through the eyes interior.

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

It's a non spiking cell.

I shouldn't say cell wall.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?

So what happens when a person gets a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration?

And I'll expand this up.

Light perception happens in a paper thin layer of cells, called the retina, that covers the back of your eyeball.

We're going to take these blue light photosensors and install them on a layer of cells in the middle of the retina in the back of the eye and convert them into a camera just like installing solar cells all over those neurons to make them light sensitive.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

All of these objects flow outwards and they leave trails, or blur lines, on your retina.

And is it fair to say that it's simple?

like the nerves.

In this simulation, each black dot is one nerve cell.

Կատարեմ պարզեցում

Epigenetic marks can be influenced by the environment.

A nerve cell responds to a slight stimulus.

But up in the corner, in the right corner, you'll see, at the same scale, a visual interneuron from a fly.

And this is a little protein molecule.

like in this square box shown here.

So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat here.

What kind of changes happen?

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

But let's take another animal just as an example. Here's a mouse.

From the way it's bound to her neurons, I'd say it's been there since she was a child.

And this is what the retina is doing, and it's doing it just with the circuitry, and how this network of neurons that are interacting in there, which we've captured on the chip.

Ես շատ մանրամասն չեմ նկարել

laterally, vertically, up and down in the spinal cord and they start interacting with other adjacent cells.

They're proteins that are controlling things like ion channel movement.

So the human brain has about a hundred billion neurons in it.

You see the going down towards the fovea where the optic nerve begins.

(Laughter)

And it's a beautifully complex neuron.

So in this case, they would turn into nerve cells.

This animal is the size of a paramecium and an amoeba, and it has a brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small you know these things called cell bodies you've been hearing about, where the nucleus of the neuron is?

There are 100 sensors, each listening to a different brain cell or neuron.

And I think they'll be a new era of your own stem cell banking to have in the freezer your own cardiac cells, myocytes and neural cells to use them in the future, should you need them.

Out comes the liposuction fluid, and in this case, the stem cells are isolated and turned into neurons.

That's the red path that's highlighted.