So here's a picture of the octopamine system.

You heard about neuromodulators earlier.

Here's a typical one in its critical stage

So this is basically multiplexing in time.

The stegosaurus has a massive cluster of nerves above the rump, the sacral ganglion.

It's like the water of the stream it never sits still.

And what I'm talking about are nerves.

Memory Game

Nervousness

That's very unnerving.

Idiot!

Phosphine gas.

It's a neurotoxin.

The amazing thing about this is that it's controlled by a really tiny set of neurons, about two dozen neurons that can produce a vast variety of different motor patterns, and the reason it can do this is that this little tiny ganglion in the crab is actually inundated by many, many neuromodulators.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

No expensive staff time required.

Its neural network needs to be trained

somethingorother.

It's a non spiking cell.

Our collective nervous system is like that frog's nervous system.

GLaDOS You know what doesn't rhyme with compliance?

Insecure. Neurotic.

Are you some kind of neurologist?

Oh, it's just nerves.

With time, the bruises have healed, but your pain has not.

Any signs of neural activity?

The photoreceptor cells are shown here at the top, and then the signals that are detected by the photoreceptors are transformed by various computations until finally that layer of cells at the bottom, the ganglion cells, relay the information to the brain, where we see that as perception.

I would like to propose a metaphor for the relationship between neural activity and connectivity.

There are four types of tissues found in the human body connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial.

Hey. You really got a bad case of the nerves there, man.

I'm a neuroscientist.

It shows you these cells that process information.

Trigeminal headache? What? Trigeminal headache.

Your nerves, responsive.

Tonic for the nerves

What have you done to me? It has a hybrid nervous system.

Now, what we're learning then is under certain circumstances, pathways can be too weak or perhaps even too strong.

OMGGGGG FlNALLY... so much more to come, virtual reality, neural manipulation, visual dream emulation... neural coding, 'writing and re writing of memories', mental illnesses. So the first thing that you'll notice is that people have really strong opinions about this kind of work.

But they thought that, if you had a neurologic or psychiatric disease, it must be because you are possessed by an evil spirit.

Are you going to remove the nerve?

They're controlling who nervous system cells partner up with.

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

From epilepsy, stroke, tias, any neurological disorder?

Roy's brain is trying

They will cut down on their expenses.