Let's make it concrete.

SR So what do you think, Xu?

disabling, reversing cell cycle inhibitors.

And you can do that you can tweak the viruses so they hit just some cells and not others.

Memory cells generated by the HlV vaccine are activated when they learn

You can think of channelrhodopsin as a sort of light sensitive switch that can be artificially installed in brain cells so that now we can use that switch to activate or inactivate the brain cell simply by clicking it, and in this case we click it on with pulses of light.

So if this was happening, your memories could start by place cells activating each other via these dense interconnections and then reactivating boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint.

It can actually make itself glow.

So in this cartoon, the bluish white cell in the upper left corner does not respond to light because it lacks the light activated pore.

Where are the kids?

We took the eggs of a related species, a living frog, and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg.

Another way by which bugs can affect the brain is by activating the gut endocrine system.

And then when you shine light on the entire network, just that cell type will be activated.

And place cells in their hippocampi would fire, become active, start sending electrical impulses whenever they drove through a particular location in that town.

And that's your ancestor.

Fluorescent

Phosphor

Now both of these kinds of cells can make the place cells fire.

This bath stimulates white blood cells and speed up the process.

If we can install these molecules in neurons somehow, then these neurons would become electrically drivable with light.

So to do that, we came up with a very simple paradigm in collaboration with the Fiorella group, where one side of this little box, if the animal goes there, the animal gets a pulse of light in order to make different cells in the brain sensitive to light.

Phosphor

Rapid cell deterioration.

If we can deliver that gene to these cells and they're not going to be altered by the expression of the gene, of course and then flash blue light over the entire brain network, just these cells are going to be driven.

Luminous poisoning? Go on, do what I tell you.

So, we took the red cells you see the red cells are surrounded by blue, other cells that squeeze them, and behind it is material that people thought was mainly inert, and it was just having a structure to keep the shape, and so we first photographed it with the electron microscope years and years ago, and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.

And these are some of the cells that might be overactive in disorders such as epilepsy.

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

This is because, although each cell in our bodies contains the same set of genes, different mixes of genes get turned on and off in different cells.

The GlowintheDark Flashlight!

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells.

Optically activating these hundred or so cells into two strains of flies has dramatically different consequences.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

If some cells suddenly decide to start reading other instructions, they can actually change from one type to another.

Mawhinney's Eyes

Let me just explain very briefly what happens in an area of the brain which is especially active

Now let's zoom in on it here, so we can see it in more detail.

And the logic of our experiment was simple.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

I'm reading massive cellular deterioration.

So whenever a memory is being formed, any active cell for that particular memory will also have this light sensitive switch installed in it so that we can control these cells by the flipping of a laser just like this one you see.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

Because it's heterogeneous, and that's the perfect substrate for evolution within the cancer.

I don't think so!