I'll use that word.

Either a mutation of the genetic level

Why is it hard to treat?

But suppose then that one of them mutates.

And the way that they're switched on is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.

That's disappeared. That no longer applies.

Just kidding, a genetic one.

So, the website of the National Cancer Institute says that cancer is a genetic disease.

And now here is the daf 2 mutant.

There's some mutations that won't be passed on to your children, and those are the ones that occur in your somatic cells.

The safeties clamped into the rails, but for some reason, the motor kept going.

And I have a genetic anomaly.

There's what we call atavism activation.

I suspect most geneticists don't either, but they produce the numbers.

It's a gross oversimplification, but let me say this is the gene for insulin.

You might know that, so far, in just the dawn of this revolution, we know that there are perhaps 40,000 unique mutations affecting more than 10,000 genes, and that there are 500 of these genes that are bona fide drivers, causes of cancer.

Without the random mutation of genes there would be no evolution.

That gives you the clue.

12.Ethnicity and genetics

And so he got his kids sequenced.

Okay, so what is the daf 2 receptor telling the inside of the cell?

So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea, we had one mutation in one gene which led to blue eyes.

It's not a joke when we say that you won't survive once you've been singled out.

So she has the gene right there for curly hair.

And what they found was that people who lived to 90 or 100 were more likely to have daf 2 mutations that is, changes in the gene that encodes the receptor for IGF 1.

Some of you have this. And it's sex linked.

If I have a mutation in some cell here, some somatic cell, some body cell, somatic cell, will that mutation or can that mutation in any way affect what's going to happen to my kids?

So I got like the fifth version of the curly allele.

The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word mutation.

There's beginning to be some evidence that obesity and diet have something to do with gene modifications, which may or may not have an impact on how the brain of an infant works.

It's also correct, if the two individuals being compared are both women.

What if it has the same genetic anomaly?

You're changing in a way that both chromosomes are still coding for the different genes, but they're getting different versions of those genes or different alleles, which are just versions of those genes.

No, you see, asthma is an inherited condition.

And this is another thing that speaks to just genetic variation.

And mutations that damage the TOR gene just like the daf 2 mutations extend lifespan in worms and flies and mice.

Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested carries at least one of these variants.

The Augment genes modified the virus.

So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.

But, as a cancer doc, this is what I see.

Genetic abnormalities and minor duplication errors in the DNA... can have considerable impact on...

If a new gene is added through mutation, it can affect the frequency.

So if there are genes like that, then you can imagine that, if you could change one of the genes in an experiment, an aging gene, maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.

Your Majesty had not spoken before I was aware that I was addressing Wilhelm

But there's another thing.