We start with these fragments, and then we have a homologous recombination system that reassembles those into a chromosome.

We knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair DNA that can put pieces together.

They're homologous.

What about EMS recombination?

And if you thought that even that isn't enough, it turns out that amongst these homologous pairs, and we'll talk about when this happens in meiosis, you can actually have DNA recombination.

Now, these right here are called homologous chromosomes.

So homologous means that they're almost the same.

He had it also homologous on the right.

So let's say that I have two homologous pairs.

Now, in anaphase Il, we don't have homologous pairs.

When I say organized, it crosses over at a homologous point.

And let's reproduce them by a process of recombination analogous to sex.

So what happens after the recombination? The density perturbations continue to grow.

So each of these from the homologous pair and remember, homologous pairs mean that they're not identical chromosomes, but they do code for the same genes.

It had two pairs of homologous chromosome, but it had four chromosomes.

In some sense, dark matter seeds this large scale structure prior to recombination.

And after the recombination, baryons, the visible material, falls into those potential wells.

Becomes constant after that, and then drops precipitously at the time of the recombination.

It has 23 pairs, and each pair is a pair of homologous chromosomes.

And then a homologous one for my mom that's also a little bit longer.

Now, the one interesting thing that happens is that the homologous pairs line up.

Anaphase I, the homologous pairs were broken up, but the chromosomes themselves were not.

Within a short while, I think there's going to be a new field called Combinatorial Genomics, because with these new synthesis capabilities, these vast gene array repertoires and the homologous recombination, we think we can design a robot to make maybe a million different chromosomes a day.

The killer nurse scene in particular is almost entirely a recombination of elements from existing films

When we talk about meiosis, we have to be careful to show the homologous pairs.

They'll very effectively dissolve all fluctuations smaller than roughly silk mass before the recombination and does what will be the left at the time of recombination will be just very large scale fluctuations of high amplitude.

Not only do they line up, but they can actually share they can actually have genetic recombination.

So it's analogous to anaphase in mitosis, but the key difference is you're pulling apart homologous pairs.

After the recombination, the baryons are free to fall into the potential wells defined by the dark matter perturbations.

Geometry and gravitation into the really messy hydrodynamics radiation physics of what actually happens to the baryons after the recombination.

So if you have mutations in your germ cells, or during the process of meiosis, you have essentially recombination of

However, after recombination fluctuations can grow and essentially baryons fall into the potential wells defined by the dark matter fluctuations.

So the interesting thing here that's different from mitosis is that the homologous pairs line up next to each other.

Sometimes this is called a tetrad because it has four chromatids in it, but it's in a pair of homologous chromosomes.

So when we enter anaphase I, you have just the homologous pairs separate, so the chromatids stay with their sister chromatids.

Well, for every set, I could pick one of the two homologous chromosomes, and I'm going to do that 23 times.

And if it were always fixed then ellipticals would be a homologous family of objects, one could be scaled into another.

So the observed thing is, fluctuations in microwave background, since radiation and baryons are coupled before the recombination, which are parts in a million.

They're being pulled apart, but they're being pulled apart the homologous pair is being pulled apart, not the actual chromosomes, not the chromatids.

So you have these points where analogous or I guess you could say homologous points on two of these chromosomes will cross over each other.

There are 2 to the 23 different combinations of DNA that she can contribute just based on which of the homologous pairs she will contribute.

But I'll leave you to think about it because maybe that combination might be passed on, or it may not be passed on because of this recombination.

At the time of radiation matter equality, the curves begin to split, and Jeans Mass stays almost constant until the recombination, whereas the horizon mass keep growing.

At the time of the recombination, the Jeans Mass drops precipitously by many orders of magnitude, roughly from super clusters of galaxies to scale of globular clusters.

For each homologous pair, I'm either going to contribute the one that I got from my mother or the one that I got from my father, right?