There are four types of tissues found in the human body connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial.

I wouldn't ask they would.

Those beautiful golden drops are the neurotransmitters.

I have Friedreich's ataxia, a neuromuscular disease.

It's a neuromuscular paralytic.

It's strange, but it's like deeper it's muscle, vein, nerve, bone.

We're using a biological amplifier to amplify these nerve signals muscles.

Master of Sensitivity.

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

These basepairs sequences regulate the neurotransmitter levels in their brain.

You should see small circles these are called vesicles.

And the first multi cellular organism was born. 600 MYA Nerves, and muscle, later evolved.

It's like 96 percent.

Instead of it being the case that that junction box in the spinal cord is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve by releasing these little brown packets of chemical information called neurotransmitters in a linear one on one fashion, in fact, what happens is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions

Anything above your neck runs the risk of a complete neuromuscular shutdown.

I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important discovery, and we know a good bit about that now, and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease, and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate, it wants to send a message to the red neuron, it spits out neurotransmitter.

What's common among these groups of cells is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.

It's not coded anywhere.

It has been shown that there is a relation between various neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior.

As you probably know, the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine.

These same valuation systems are redeployed when we're valuing interactions with other people.

The boy has good reflexes.

I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that, all the way through circuit analysis.

And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin, or nerve transmission.

They change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else.

like an immune system, and we're learning from gene regulation and biological development.

The connections of the brain's neural network determines the pathways along which neural activity flows.

Memory Game

Nervousness

That's very unnerving.

Idiot!

Phosphine gas.

It's a neurotoxin.

So the next slide gives you an illustration of what the synapse looks like.

If you hit your thumb with a hammer, these wires in your arm that, of course, we call nerves transmit the information into the junction box in the spinal cord where new wires, new nerves, take the information up to the brain where you become consciously aware that your thumb is now hurt.

Traditional forms of punishment can overwhelm the nervous system.

GLaDOS You know what doesn't rhyme with compliance?

Insecure. Neurotic.

Are you some kind of neurologist?

ALS slowly destroys the nerves and muscles needed for moving your body.

And what I'm talking about are nerves.

And that is the case in flies.

Their DNA starts to synthesize new proteins, which spill out and interact with adjacent nerves, and they start releasing their neurotransmitters, and those neurotransmitters spill out and activate adjacent glial cells, and so on and so forth, until what we have is a positive feedback loop.

You touch yourself, there's a stimulus that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.