Those beautiful golden drops are the neurotransmitters.

These basepairs sequences regulate the neurotransmitter levels in their brain.

You should see small circles these are called vesicles.

So here's a picture of the octopamine system.

Their DNA starts to synthesize new proteins, which spill out and interact with adjacent nerves, and they start releasing their neurotransmitters, and those neurotransmitters spill out and activate adjacent glial cells, and so on and so forth, until what we have is a positive feedback loop.

What's common among these groups of cells is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Instead of it being the case that that junction box in the spinal cord is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve by releasing these little brown packets of chemical information called neurotransmitters in a linear one on one fashion, in fact, what happens is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions

It has been shown that there is a relation between various neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior.

As you probably know, the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine.

These same valuation systems are redeployed when we're valuing interactions with other people.

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate, it wants to send a message to the red neuron, it spits out neurotransmitter.

Nervousness

That's very unnerving.

You heard about neuromodulators earlier.

They change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else.

I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important discovery, and we know a good bit about that now, and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease, and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.

I wouldn't ask they would.

So the next slide gives you an illustration of what the synapse looks like.

Insecure. Neurotic.

I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that, all the way through circuit analysis.

And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin, or nerve transmission.

So gut endocrine cells are primary producers of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters.

Ceramides. They act as a signaling molecule in skin.

But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival using exactly the same systems that were put there to make them survive.

So this is basically multiplexing in time.

Don't get jittery, Luke.

Insecure... neurotic, and emotional.

Master of Sensitivity.

Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well, and we're now beginning to understand and identify brain systems involved in valuation, and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system whose cells are located in your brainstem and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain.

I'm very neurotic. (MUSIC PLAYING ON RADIO) May I ask you a question?

This, for example, is an antibody staining against serotonin transporters in a slice of mouse brain.

That says to me, at least in rats and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do and a similar cortical architecture that play may be pretty important for our survival.

And once they do get into the cell, they release their genetic material into the cell.

And by the way, that coffee, that wonderful coffee you've been drinking downstairs, actually mimics the effect of those baby neurotransmitters.

Three degrees

Neurobiologist.

You are too sensitive to noise.

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

Peter So it's not without its problems.

Sunny, aren't you nervous?

Your country is nervous about us as it is.

No instead, we walk a mile in their shoes.

Certainly.

These chains then progress and attach to the genetic material and pull the genetic material from one cell into two cells.

Don't be so sensitive to criticism.