Those beautiful golden drops are the neurotransmitters.

Their DNA starts to synthesize new proteins, which spill out and interact with adjacent nerves, and they start releasing their neurotransmitters, and those neurotransmitters spill out and activate adjacent glial cells, and so on and so forth, until what we have is a positive feedback loop.

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate, it wants to send a message to the red neuron, it spits out neurotransmitter.

So the next slide gives you an illustration of what the synapse looks like.

These basepairs sequences regulate the neurotransmitter levels in their brain.

You should see small circles these are called vesicles.

So here's a picture of the octopamine system.

Instead of it being the case that that junction box in the spinal cord is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve by releasing these little brown packets of chemical information called neurotransmitters in a linear one on one fashion, in fact, what happens is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions

These same valuation systems are redeployed when we're valuing interactions with other people.

What's common among these groups of cells is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.

They change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else.

You heard about neuromodulators earlier.

It has been shown that there is a relation between various neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior.

As you probably know, the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine.

I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important discovery, and we know a good bit about that now, and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease, and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.

And it turns out that when you're anxious you squirt neural transmitters in the brain, which focuses you makes you depth first.

Nervousness

That's very unnerving.

Can you vent the antimatter?

And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin, or nerve transmission.

I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that, all the way through circuit analysis.

I wouldn't ask they would.

Insecure. Neurotic.

Ceramides. They act as a signaling molecule in skin.

So gut endocrine cells are primary producers of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters.

But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival using exactly the same systems that were put there to make them survive.

So this is basically multiplexing in time.

Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well, and we're now beginning to understand and identify brain systems involved in valuation, and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system whose cells are located in your brainstem and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain.

I'm very neurotic. (MUSIC PLAYING ON RADIO) May I ask you a question?

We have reason to be afraid of melting ice caps.

This, for example, is an antibody staining against serotonin transporters in a slice of mouse brain.

That says to me, at least in rats and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do and a similar cortical architecture that play may be pretty important for our survival.

Don't get jittery, Luke.

Insecure... neurotic, and emotional.

And by the way, that coffee, that wonderful coffee you've been drinking downstairs, actually mimics the effect of those baby neurotransmitters.

Causing the reactors to overheat, and later melt down.

And once they do get into the cell, they release their genetic material into the cell.

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

Master of Sensitivity.

That's like Thomas Magnum threatening that little prissy guy with the mustache. Over and above.

It is affected by gravity, but it is invisible to visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

Your country is nervous about us as it is.

Caused by the explosions and meltdowns in the Fukushima Dai ichi Nuclear Power Plants,

Three degrees

Neurobiologist.