Let me write this down in a vibrant color.

The whole process of differentiation is actually fascinating, and we'll talk a lot more about that when we talk about stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and maybe we'll even talk about the debate of it.

So why should you care? Bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

This is an extremely new field.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

The zygote happens or gets created and starts splitting up the morula, and then it keeps splitting and it differentiates into the blastocyst, and then this is where the stem cells are.

And obviously, the next question is, hey, well, why don't they just call them stem cells as opposed to embryonic stem cells?

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

But right now, this isn't an area of debate because, left to their own devices, a somatic stem cell or an adult stem cell won't turn into a human being, while an embryonic one, if it is implanted in a willing mother, then, of course, it will turn into a human being.

So the debate obviously is when you start an embryonic stem cell line, you are destroying an embryo.

So we're attacking the wrong target.

like heart, liver, nerve and pancreas.

But it doesn't have to just infect somatic cells, it could infect a germ cell.

So at least my take on it is if you're against and I generally don't want to take a side on this, but if you are against research that involves embryonic stem cells because of the destruction of embryos, on that same, I guess, philosophical ground, you should also be against in vitro fertilization because both of these involve the destruction of zygotes.

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

But there are more important things that are already occurring embryo screening.

Let me write that down.

This was really an extraordinary advance, because although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells, which still remain the gold standard, they are terrific to use for modeling disease and potentially for drug discovery.

Interestingly, when you were first conceived, and you were just comprised of a few, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, which had the potential to become any cell in your body, your chromatin didn't have many Epigenetic marks on it.

And some of our investigative teams have demonstrated that female stem cells and this is in animals and increasingly we're showing this in humans that female stem cells, when put even into a male body, do better than male stem cells going into a male body.

Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.

And it was really interesting there were articles correlating if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises.

That turns out to be a big deal because now you can take, not just mouse cells, but you can human skin cells and turn them into human stem cells.

And then what they did in October is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells and began to turn them into liver cells.

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

I'll nicely demonstrate that for you. (Laughter)

As we speak, the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury is currently underway following the USFDA approval.

And we're working a lot with the stem cells that we published on two years ago, stem cells from the amniotic fluid, and the placenta, which have those properties.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Recommendation 2

So you have this notion of when you to get an embryonic stem cell line, and when I say a stem cell line, I mean you take a couple of stem cells, or let's say you take one stem cell, and then you put it in a Petri dish, and then you allow it to just duplicate.

These are actually cells that we obtained.

4.8 million suffer cardiac failure.

Then you will see roots digging deep, building a strong foundation

'In what way have we been using the influence of society, which is probably the most powerful force in human psychology?' 1967 Influence of Biological Environments A Stem Cell Experiment

They've got great potential but haven't yet entered clinical trials.

And one of the the cutting edge areas that we're just incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy.

And here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells, and, like mature human beings, these cells are more restricted in their thought and more restricted in their behavior and are unable to give rise to the wide variety of specialized cell types, as embryonic stem cells can .

It's a great source of stem cells.

Then someone could take one of these and then put it in their own Petri dish.