But it doesn't have to just infect somatic cells, it could infect a germ cell.

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

But there are more important things that are already occurring embryo screening.

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

The zygote happens or gets created and starts splitting up the morula, and then it keeps splitting and it differentiates into the blastocyst, and then this is where the stem cells are.

This is an extremely new field.

Let me write this down in a vibrant color.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

The whole process of differentiation is actually fascinating, and we'll talk a lot more about that when we talk about stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and maybe we'll even talk about the debate of it.

So why should you care? Bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells.

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They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

And then again.

So sometimes you'll say morula, and you go to blastula.

The inner cells pick a suitable color.

They have a blastocoel in the center, which is this area of fluid.

So the debate obviously is when you start an embryonic stem cell line, you are destroying an embryo.

There isn't necessarily this differentiation between these outermost cells and these embryonic, or this embryoblast, or this inner cell mass here.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

This was really an extraordinary advance, because although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells, which still remain the gold standard, they are terrific to use for modeling disease and potentially for drug discovery.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

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And obviously, the next question is, hey, well, why don't they just call them stem cells as opposed to embryonic stem cells?

For men, that's sperm and for women it's eggs.

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

Cell division

Cell radius

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

From Conception to Birth Oocyte

Fuel cells.

Absolutely boggles my mind.

Interestingly, when you were first conceived, and you were just comprised of a few, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, which had the potential to become any cell in your body, your chromatin didn't have many Epigenetic marks on it.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

And that's your ancestor.

A very non intuitive spelling of the coel part of blastocoel.

So eventually all of these turn into blastocysts.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.