So sometimes you'll say morula, and you go to blastula.

But there are more important things that are already occurring embryo screening.

But it doesn't have to just infect somatic cells, it could infect a germ cell.

The zygote happens or gets created and starts splitting up the morula, and then it keeps splitting and it differentiates into the blastocyst, and then this is where the stem cells are.

A very non intuitive spelling of the coel part of blastocoel.

So eventually all of these turn into blastocysts.

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

This is an extremely new field.

Let me write this down in a vibrant color.

So why should you care? Bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells.

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The whole process of differentiation is actually fascinating, and we'll talk a lot more about that when we talk about stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and maybe we'll even talk about the debate of it.

While we're talking about mammals, especially the ones that are closely related to us, the stage is the blastocyst stage, and the real differentiator is when people talk about just blastula and blastospheres.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

So these all become zygotes, and then they allow them to develop, and they usually allow them to develop to the blastocyst stage.

So the debate obviously is when you start an embryonic stem cell line, you are destroying an embryo.

Let me scroll down a little bit.

And then again.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

The inner cells pick a suitable color.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

They have a blastocoel in the center, which is this area of fluid.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

The embryos.

There isn't necessarily this differentiation between these outermost cells and these embryonic, or this embryoblast, or this inner cell mass here.

And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.

And then you have this space that forms here, and this is just fluid, and it's called the blastocoel.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

looking at small clusters of the body, these little pieces of tissue that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst, all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus, saying, I'm here to stay.

Now, it can be a very confusing topic, because a lot of times in a lot of books on biology, you'll say, hey, you go from the morula to the blastula or the blastosphere stage.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

So at least my take on it is if you're against and I generally don't want to take a side on this, but if you are against research that involves embryonic stem cells because of the destruction of embryos, on that same, I guess, philosophical ground, you should also be against in vitro fertilization because both of these involve the destruction of zygotes.

For men, that's sperm and for women it's eggs.

Absolutely boggles my mind.

This was really an extraordinary advance, because although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells, which still remain the gold standard, they are terrific to use for modeling disease and potentially for drug discovery.

How are the embryos?

If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA as you had when you were an embryo.

And obviously, the next question is, hey, well, why don't they just call them stem cells as opposed to embryonic stem cells?

Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.

look like that, and then my embryoblast is going to look like this.

If this research is successful, it may then reduce the need to research and sacrifice human embryos.

But right now, this isn't an area of debate because, left to their own devices, a somatic stem cell or an adult stem cell won't turn into a human being, while an embryonic one, if it is implanted in a willing mother, then, of course, it will turn into a human being.

Interestingly, when you were first conceived, and you were just comprised of a few, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, which had the potential to become any cell in your body, your chromatin didn't have many Epigenetic marks on it.

In the immortal germ line of human beings that is, the eggs that sit in the ovaries they actually sit there in a state of suspended animation for up to 50 years in the life of each woman.