Now, this pore can open and close.

I started experimenting, making models, talking to experts in the field, taking their feedback, and refining, and I kept on refining and refining for nights and weekends for over five years.

Then we'll actually start refining that message, deeper and deeper.

And these are individual potassium ions that are flowing through that pore.

From there, what I did was I started refining this cool idea I had.

Because the light activated pore is encoded in DNA, we can achieve incredible precision.

And it sits in the membrane of the cell and it's got a pore in it.

So, what you have is that when the pore is open, you get some current sometimes.

And you have refining and delivery of that crude oil as what we call petrol or gasoline.

And the reason that we do number 2, rather than, refining next day, is I like to procrastinate.

You can see that the skin pore structure changes enormously from stretched skin pores to the regular skin texture.

You can exploit this to make sure that only some neurons contain our light activated pore and others don't.

And then lately, people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found refining cooking oil from restaurant slop.

Whenever a flash of light hits the receptor, the pore opens, an electrical current is switched on, and the neuron fires electrical impulses.

So if you think about the pore size in the agarose, it has pretty big pores, so imagine it looking kind of like this.

So in this cartoon, the bluish white cell in the upper left corner does not respond to light because it lacks the light activated pore.

We're pulling out, we're zooming out, out through a nuclear pore, which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA, called the nucleus.

Susana had engineered the fruit fly on the left so that just two out of the 200,000 cells in its brain expressed the light activated pore.

In the next great epoch of life, which applies for most of life, the brain is actually refining its machinery as it masters a wide repertoire of skills and abilities.

From electronics...oil refining and automobiles... to delivery...and telecommunications, and even if you're a Korean who doesn't know the President's name, you would have definitely have come across the words ShinHwa.

And, as a result, it's a very good cue to the detailed shape of the skin pore structure and all of the fine wrinkles that all of us have, the things that actually make us look like real humans.

Maybe it's entirely possible that you could design a hash function that you think is completely collision resistant but someone might come along, a year from now, amp amp come up with a more clever way of refining a collision.

Also, every time you buy gasoline in the United States, half of it is actually being refined along the coast, because the Gulf actually has about 50 percent of our refining capacity and a lot of our marine terminals as well.

His specialty was actually refining and confirming other people's results, and this might sound like a bit of an also ran, but in fact, this is the soul of science, because there is no such thing as a fact that cannot be independently corroborated.

And recall when your Lord inspired the angels 'I am certainly with you. So make firm the feet of those who believe. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. So strike at their necks and strike at every pore and tip.

And even when you close the pore which neurons can do, they can open and close these pores to generate electrical activity even when it's closed, because these ions are so small, they can actually sneak through, a few can sneak through at a time.

In a theory you repeat the process of refining the hypothesis through prediction, experiment, observation or creating new hypothesis again going through the circle again and again and again until your hypothesis becomes a theory that is a predictive and comprehensive description of some aspect of reality.

So, if we use information that comes off of this specular reflection, we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gross contours of the face and the basic shape, and augment it with information that puts in all of that skin pore structure and fine wrinkles.

If the observation, however, is not in line with your prediction, then the hypothesis is rejected, and if the hypothesis is rejected, you need to come up with a new hypothesis, and this cycle going along from hypothesis through prediction through experiment through observation and gradually refining the hypothesis or coming up with alternatives.

And during that time, they're doing everything from going out and doing ethnographic research and doing the need finding, coming back into the studio, doing the brainstorming and design visualization to come up with concepts that might work, and then moving into the shop and actually testing them, building them, prototyping them, figuring out if they are going to work and refining that.